Tuesday, July 29, 2008
Chine environnement web radio
Chine : nouvelle réglementation pour encadrer les entrepreneurs chinois à l'étranger
2008-07-29 14:16:29
BEIJING, 29 juillet (Xinhua) -- Les entreprises chinoises, qui entreprennent des contrats à l'étranger sans autorisation officielle, se verront infliger une amende maximale d'un million de yuans RMB (146 000 dollars), conformément à une nouvelle réglementation promulguée lundi par le gouvernement chinois.
Cette décision du Conseil d'Etat, signée par le Premier ministre chinois Wen Jiabao, prévoit des amendes de 500 000 à un million de yuans (RMB) à l'encontre des entreprises chinoises non reconnues comme "entrepreneur international".
"Les entrepreneurs chinois doivent sauvegarder les intérêts nationaux et protéger les droits légitimes de leurs employés envoyés à l'étranger. Ils doivent aussi respecter les lois des pays ou régions d'accueil", souligne le texte, qui prendra effet à partir du 1er septembre 2008.
Il accentue l'importance de respecter les coutumes locales, de protéger l'environnement régional et d'aider au développement des économies locales.
Selon la réglementation, les entreprises d'Etat sous administration du gouvernement central doivent faire acte de candidature auprès des institutions nationales chargées du commerce. Les autres sociétés doivent s'adresser aux administrations locales.
Les autorités commerciales chinoises doivent mettre en place un système d'évaluation des risques pour suivre de près les opérations des entrepreurs chinois à l'étranger, et les mettre en garde contre tous dangers et tous risques dans les pays ou régions où ils opèrent.
Les entrepreneurs doivent signer des contrats avec leurs employés envoyés à l'étranger, et leur fournir des conditions de travail et des salaires raisonnables, ainsi qu'une assurance contre les accidents.
Cette nouvellle réglementation interdit aussi aux sociétés de s'assurer d'un contrat international au moyen de corruption ou d'une autre pratique illégale.
Chine info actualitées étudiant
La Chine augmente le quota pour les étudiants étrangers financés par le gouvernement
2008-07-28 20:45:34
GUIYANG, 28 juillet (Xinhua) -- La Chine compte offrir des bourses d'études à 20 000 étudiants étrangers en 2010, soit le double par rapport à 2007, a annoncé lundi un officiel du Conseil des bourses d'études de Chine.
Le secrétaire général du conseil Liu Jinghui a fait cette remarque en marge de la semaine d'échanges éducatifs Chine-ASEAN. Il a ajouté que les bourses d'études accordées par le gouvernement chinois aux étudiants étrangers couvriraient aussi bien les frais scolaires que les frais de subsistance.
Liu a aussi prévu que la Chine accueillerait 500 000 étudiants étrangers d'ici 2020, y compris ceux venant étudier à leurs propres frais.
"La Chine prête une attention particulière à l'éducation et les étudiants étrangers sont très importants", a souligné Liu, qui a expliqué que ces étudiants aideraient les universités chinoises à devenir de plus en plus internationales.
Il a aussi révélé que la Chine augmenterait cette année les allocations pour les étudiants étrangers d'environ 50%, soit 1 400 yuans par mois contre 800 yuans l'année dernière.
La Chine offre cette année 1 700 et 2 000 yuans par mois pour chaque aspirant à la maîtrise et au doctorat.
L'année dernière, la Chine a reçu plus de 190 000 étudiants étrangers, soit presque cinq fois de plus que le total de 1997. Ces étudiants sont venus de 188 pays et régions, et 5,2% d'entre eux ont obtenu des bourses d'études accordées par le gouvernement chinois.
referencement wikipedia
For citing references in Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Citing sources.
In general, a reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates by linking to another object. Such relations as these may occur in a variety of domains, including logic, computer science, art and scholarship. Although the objects which the term reference applies may be of a varying character ranging from concrete examples such as reference work which includes pointers or symbols. The nature of reference as a role in language and thought has been around since the 19th Century. During this time, applying itself as an important topic of discussion. An object which is referred to as a reference (where the reference leads) is called a referent.
The term reference is used with different specialized meanings in a variety of fields, as follows:
Contents[hide]
1 Semantics
1.1 Meaning
1.2 Absent referent
1.3 Linguistic sign
2 Art
3 Academic writing
4 Computer science
5 Geometry
6 Libraries
7 Scholarship
8 Work references
9 Canadian law
10 See also
11 External links
12 References
//
[edit] Semantics
In semantics, reference is generally construed as the relation between nouns or pronouns and objects that are named by them. Hence the word John refers to John. The word it refers to some previously specified object. The object referred to is called the referent of the word.[1] Sometimes the word-object relation is called denotation; the word denotes the object. The converse relation, the relation from object to word, is called exemplification; the object exemplifies what the word denotes. In syntactic analysis, if a word refers to a previous word, the previous word is called the antecedent.
[edit] Meaning
Frege argued that reference cannot be treated as identical with meaning: "Hesperus" (an ancient Greek name for the evening star) and "Phosphorus" (an ancient Greek name for the morning star) both refer to Venus, but the astronomical fact that '"Hesperus" is "Phosphorus"' can still be informative, even if the 'meanings' of both "Hesperus" and "Phosphorus" are already known. This problem led Frege to distinguish between the sense and reference of a word.
[edit] Absent referent
Main article: Absent referent
Words can often be meaningful without having a referent. Fictional and mythological names such as "Bo-Peep" and "Hercules" illustrate this possibility.
For those who argue that one cannot directly experience the divine (e.g. God), the sign "God" can serve as an example of a reference with an absent referent. Additionally, certain sects of Judaism and other religions consider it sinful to write, discard, or deface the name of the divine. To avoid this problem, the signifier G-d is sometimes used, though this could be seen as a sign which refers to another sign with an absent referent.
In mathematics, the absent referent can be seen with the symbol for zero, "0" or the empty set, "{ }".
[edit] Linguistic sign
Main article: Sign (linguistics)
The semantic sign can be considered a subset of a more general concept, the linguistic sign, first elucidated by Ferdinand de Saussure. A sign contains two parts, the signified (a thought which represents an object), and the signifier (the sound or written word). Both have a referent (the actual physical object). The sign is a building block for texts that supplies sound and meaning. The smallest building block is called a morpheme and may be lexical (or referential, carry lexical/encyclopedic meaning, i.e. refer to real-life entities). This kind of extra-linguistic reference is called deixis after a Greek word meaning "to point". In contrast, grammatical morphemes express reference to more abstract categories such as time (tense) or location (locative). Certain parts of speech exist only in order to express reference, viz. anaphora, i.e. typically pronouns. The subset of reflexives reflexive express co-reference of agent (actor) and patient (acted-upon), as in "The man washed himself".
In general, a reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates by linking to another object. Such relations as these may occur in a variety of domains, including logic, computer science, art and scholarship. Although the objects which the term reference applies may be of a varying character ranging from concrete examples such as reference work which includes pointers or symbols. The nature of reference as a role in language and thought has been around since the 19th Century. During this time, applying itself as an important topic of discussion. An object which is referred to as a reference (where the reference leads) is called a referent.
The term reference is used with different specialized meanings in a variety of fields, as follows:
Contents[hide]
1 Semantics
1.1 Meaning
1.2 Absent referent
1.3 Linguistic sign
2 Art
3 Academic writing
4 Computer science
5 Geometry
6 Libraries
7 Scholarship
8 Work references
9 Canadian law
10 See also
11 External links
12 References
//
[edit] Semantics
In semantics, reference is generally construed as the relation between nouns or pronouns and objects that are named by them. Hence the word John refers to John. The word it refers to some previously specified object. The object referred to is called the referent of the word.[1] Sometimes the word-object relation is called denotation; the word denotes the object. The converse relation, the relation from object to word, is called exemplification; the object exemplifies what the word denotes. In syntactic analysis, if a word refers to a previous word, the previous word is called the antecedent.
[edit] Meaning
Frege argued that reference cannot be treated as identical with meaning: "Hesperus" (an ancient Greek name for the evening star) and "Phosphorus" (an ancient Greek name for the morning star) both refer to Venus, but the astronomical fact that '"Hesperus" is "Phosphorus"' can still be informative, even if the 'meanings' of both "Hesperus" and "Phosphorus" are already known. This problem led Frege to distinguish between the sense and reference of a word.
[edit] Absent referent
Main article: Absent referent
Words can often be meaningful without having a referent. Fictional and mythological names such as "Bo-Peep" and "Hercules" illustrate this possibility.
For those who argue that one cannot directly experience the divine (e.g. God), the sign "God" can serve as an example of a reference with an absent referent. Additionally, certain sects of Judaism and other religions consider it sinful to write, discard, or deface the name of the divine. To avoid this problem, the signifier G-d is sometimes used, though this could be seen as a sign which refers to another sign with an absent referent.
In mathematics, the absent referent can be seen with the symbol for zero, "0" or the empty set, "{ }".
[edit] Linguistic sign
Main article: Sign (linguistics)
The semantic sign can be considered a subset of a more general concept, the linguistic sign, first elucidated by Ferdinand de Saussure. A sign contains two parts, the signified (a thought which represents an object), and the signifier (the sound or written word). Both have a referent (the actual physical object). The sign is a building block for texts that supplies sound and meaning. The smallest building block is called a morpheme and may be lexical (or referential, carry lexical/encyclopedic meaning, i.e. refer to real-life entities). This kind of extra-linguistic reference is called deixis after a Greek word meaning "to point". In contrast, grammatical morphemes express reference to more abstract categories such as time (tense) or location (locative). Certain parts of speech exist only in order to express reference, viz. anaphora, i.e. typically pronouns. The subset of reflexives reflexive express co-reference of agent (actor) and patient (acted-upon), as in "The man washed himself".
Thermique environnement Pékin Chine
Cogénération solaire et thermique au village olympique
(src : SolarWall)
La semaine dernière, nous évoquions la volonté des autorités chinoises d'utiliser l'énergie du vent à Pékin, par l'installation de 33 éoliennes dans la Capitale. En matière d'énergie solaire cette fois, c'est au tour du village olympique de se distinguer.
En effet, le village a adopté l'un des premiers systèmes de cogénération qui capte à la fois, la chaleur de l'air et le solaire photovoltaïque dans le but d'optimiser le rendement final et donc le retour sur investissement.
SolarWall est un capteur solaire développé par la société canadienne "Conserval Engineering" (voir notre article écrit à ce sujet), qui transforme le rayonnement infrarouge du soleil en énergie thermique. L’air comme médium ne gèle pas et est très efficace pour le chauffage et la ventilation. Pour faire simple, la chaleur accumulée à l'arrière des modules PV est canalisée et acheminée dans le circuit de chauffage traditionnel.
Monté sur le toit d'un des bâtiments centraux des Jeux Olympiques, - le centre de coordination des athlètes en l'occurence - SolarWall produit à la fois de l'électricité et de l'énergie thermique pour une surface identique, générant au passage 200 à 300 % plus d'énergie qu'un système PV conventionnel."Solarwall demeure un bon exemple concret où le rapport coût-efficacité en fait l'une des technologies propres prometteuses", a déclaré Gary Lunn, le ministre des Ressources naturelles du Canada. "Les Jeux Olympiques de Pékin offre une formidable occasion de mettre en évidence cette technologie aux yeux du monde entier".
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
